【製品名（商品名）】
一寸そら豆
【種類】
Vicia faba
【生産地】
徳島県板野郡板野町, 藍住町, 北島町, 上板町（JA板野郡, JA全農とくしま）
【名前の由来】
空豆; When the fruit is immature, it grows toward the sky and gradually turns downward as it ripens. 蚕豆; It grows when you start growing silk moths, and the shape of the pods resembles that of silk moths. Other names are “天豆, 雪割豆” etc.
【主な特徴】
Broad beans are also called Otafuku（It was said to be a good face to call fortune, but due to changes in aesthetics, it seems that it has come to be used as a word to curse ugly women. It also means a woman with a face that calls for a lot of good fortune.）beans because each bean is about one inch in size (about 3.3 cm) and the shape of the plump beans resembles that of Otafuku-san. What a cute and adorable. The origin of broad beans does not seem to be clear, but what appears to be a wild species seems to have been found in the south of the Caspian Sea and in North Africa. Historically, there are records of cultivation in ancient Egypt and Greece, which means that humans are 4000 years old. Therefore, it seems to be eaten all over the world. There is a theory that the time of introduction to Japan came from China via the Silk Road during the time of Emperor Shomu in the Nara period, but the truth seems to be uncertain. As an actual record, it seems that the name of this excellent agricultural product first appeared in the “Multi-sense Edition: 多識編” of the Edo period. “Broad bean,” The origin is not well-established, but what appears to be a wild species has been found south of the Caspian Sea and in North Africa. Historically, there are records of cultivation in ancient Egypt and Greece, which means that humans have an old relationship of about 4000 to 5000 years. Therefore, it has become popular all over the world and has become an indispensable ingredient. It seems that there is a theory that it came from China via the Silk Road at the time of Emperor Shomu（The first prince of Emperor Monmu（天之真宗豊祖父天皇）. 天璽国押開豊桜彦天皇, 勝宝感神聖武皇帝, 沙弥勝満; Fujiwara no Miyako is her mother; 髪長姫伝説 竹取物語）in the Nara period, but the truth is uncertain. As an actual record, it first appeared in Tashikihen in the Edo period under the name of broad beans. Razan HAYASHI（又三郎, 道春）edition. Ming Lin Zhaoke-Ko wrote the flora and fauna in “The Classic of Poetry” from the classification. In the already read eyes, more than 440 titles are listed, and in addition to Chinese classical studies, there are various Chinese books such as Hundred Schools of Morocco, history books, geography, military art, and Honzo. It can be seen that the academic ability was high. It is said to be the oldest agricultural product in the world, and is produced and loved in a wide area from North Africa to the Mediterranean coast and Asia. There are different ways to eat it, and in Japan it is the mainstream to boil it in salt and eat it as it is. In 1988, six JAs in the eastern part of the Itano District of Tokushima Prefecture merged as “JA Itano”, and in 2000, six towns, Itano Town, Aizumi Town, Kitajima Town, Kamiita Town, Yoshino Town, and Donari Town, became “JA”. Established as “Itano District”. As an agricultural cooperative in those areas, the JA seems to operate a comprehensive business closely related to every aspect of daily life. The Itano District Agricultural Cooperative is located in the northeastern part of Tokushima Prefecture, on the north bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Yoshino River, one of Japan’s leading rivers. The area has developed as one of the prefecture’s leading agricultural production areas, mainly carrots, lettuce, and lotus roots, taking advantage of the abundant water resources of the Yoshino River and the location conditions centered on offshore soil, and taking advantage of the warm climate of Setouchi. It seems. In recent years, with the progress of urbanization, the distribution of people and goods has dramatically increased due to the opening of the Akashi Strait Bridge and the extension of the Shikoku Transit Expressway, although there are severe problems such as a decrease in production areas, an aging population, and a shortage of workers. It seems that it is expected that these ripple effects will increase and lead to the activation of regional agriculture. Cultivation of special carrots began in earnest around 1968, and has rapidly spread and established since then. In 2004, the number of production units was 372 houses and the cultivation area was 525 ha. In 1990, it won the Japan Agricultural Prize Gold Award and has gained fame as a leading production center. It seems that the cropping patterns from the Showa era are mainly those that are sown from late October to mid-December and harvested from late March to late May. The first priority is to prepare the conditions for seed germination and initial growth, and the mechanized integrated system is used to carry out tillage, ridge-raising, sowing, herbicide spraying, and coating in one day to maintain soil moisture. It seems that the sowing method has been successful. There are two types of tunnel covering materials, film width 3.6 m and 6.0 m (as much as 5.4 m). Recently, due to the workability and yield in the tunnel, the 6 m type has rapidly become widespread, and the total It seems to occupy 85%. In addition, it seems that the hem is completely filled with soil in the furrows so that the film will not be blown off by the winter monsoon or early spring wind. In addition, as a result of field tests, olefin-based (non-vinyl chloride: generally PVC (polyvinyl chloride, PVC) may generate harmful substances including chlorine when incinerated. Also, it is contained in vinyl chloride. Some of the substances used as plasticizers (phthalates) and stabilizers are concerned about environmental and human effects. Perforated film (perforated on the entire surface of the film) It is used as a packaging bag for food. There are two uses for degassing and degassing. First, degassing is the moisture inside the film. It means that it is prevented from being muffled. For example, in rice etc., there is a concern that mold may be generated due to the dampness, so there is a high need for measures against moisture because of the high humidity in Japan, and the entire surface for degassing. (Demand for perforated film is high) improves quality and yield, and is effective especially in the case of early incinerator, so it seems that it has become widespread and established. In addition, referring to past test results, the nitrogen application rate should be 15 kg per 10 a in upland fields and 20 kg in paddy field conversion. It seems that it is carried out systematically. Regarding the ventilation of tunnel cultivation, it seems that an ideally balanced ventilation is performed by installing a ventilation model field with a thermometer and referring to the data. The appropriate amount for composting is about 4 tons, and the effect seems to be remarkable. At 6 t, the base balance is lost and the absorption of Ca and Mg deteriorates, which seems to have a bad effect on growth hypertrophy. Based on the idea that soil preparation is the basis of cultivation, more than 1,200 soil analyzes are conducted annually, and seminars on analysis and diagnosis are held to promote rationalization of fertilization without difficulty, and to improve soil fertility and high quality-oriented production. It seems that they are trying to level. In 1992, before the compost supply center was established, the soil humus value was low, and the cultivated area with a target value of 2.0% or more was 4% of the total (corresponding area 18 ha), and in 2003 it was 66.0% (corresponding area 346 ha). It seems that the ripple effect of compost supply and enlightenment was noticeable. As an effect of the fertilizer component announced by Tokushima Prefecture, nitrogen is effective for leafy vegetables such as Chinese cabbage, cabbage and spinach as it is called leaf fertilizer, but if it is overdone for bean vegetables, only leaves will grow. Phosphoric acid seems to be effective for fruit-bearing vegetables such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and watermelons, as it is called fruit fertilizer. Potash fertilizer thickens the roots and makes them strong, so called root fertilizer, so it seems to be effective for root vegetables such as potatoes and sweet potatoes. In addition, it is advisable to carry out a soil diagnosis before application and try to ensure an appropriate input amount. Unlike chemical fertilizers, the effect of fertilizer seems to appear slowly by continuing to use it every year. When applying, be sure to mix well with soil 1 to 2 months before planting. Since cow manure is often high in potash and pig manure is high in phosphoric acid, the nutrient balance is likely to be lost, so do not apply more than necessary and try to supplement the fertilizer components with chemical fertilizers. The “Ordinance on Prevention of Unreasonably Large Application of Fertilizer, etc. in Tokushima Prefecture” has been enforced since 2007, and the ordinance will be observed when applying. Also, after spraying compost, try to cultivate it promptly. Since 1997, the “Spring-Summer Carrot Organic Village Development Study Group” has endeavored to improve soil fertilizer by adding pesticide-reduced cultivation and compost and organic fertilizer made from livestock manure supplied by livestock farmers in the same JA jurisdiction. It seems that it was organized by producers, agricultural cooperatives, and prefectures with the aim of establishing an environment-friendly cultivation method such as reducing the underground outflow of fertilizer components by making proper soil and preventing the pollution of groundwater. Based on soil preparation, summer sorghum (grass of the Gramineae family, also known as great millet, takakibi, kolyan, etc.) is added, high-quality compost (4 t / 10a), and all-organic fertilizer (“JA Organic Village 5.5.” 4 ”240 kg / 10 a, 40% reduction of practice), seems to be working with the goal of environmentally friendly production. It seems that carrot shipments and sales require planned and leveled shipments from late March to late May. For this reason, it seems that they are trying to set up a growth measurement field, link this growth data with AMeDAS data, formulate a shipping forecast formula, adjust the appropriate distribution, and level the shipment. In addition, nine specialist inspectors have been assigned to the collection and shipping area, and it seems that they are trying to eliminate quality disparities by thoroughly managing standards. Furthermore, it seems that the women’s department is working to improve stable supply and market trust through campaigns at mass retailers and repeated market visits. In addition, we have developed efforts to give consumers a higher sense of security, such as thorough recording of production history, promotion of proper control, and implementation of pesticide residue analysis, and have been highly evaluated. About 20 years have been described, but the JA has 8738 houses (regular members: 5585 houses, associate members: 3153 houses) in 2019, and the transaction volume of the sales business is 7.3 billion of vegetables, fruits and flowers. It seems that it was 60 million yen, rice 550 million yen, and livestock 15 million yen. In the jurisdiction, in addition to carrots, it seems that they are working on the production of various vegetables such as lotus root, which is a special product of Tokushima prefecture, Kintoki sweet potato (Kitajima town), broccoli, lettuce, cauliflower, and turnip. The cultivated area of carrots in the jurisdiction in 2020 was 654 hectares, which seems to occupy about two-thirds of the planted area in Tokushima Prefecture. Among them, Itano Town and Aizumi Town seem to be the main carrot cultivation areas. However, since Aizumi Town, including Kitajima Town, is adjacent to Tokushima City, which is the center of Tokushima Prefecture, the population has increased and concentrated significantly as a commuter town, and it seems that the conversion of agricultural land to residential land has progressed. Therefore, it seems that some farmers are taking measures to secure the shipment volume by giving crops to neighboring Ishii Town, Yoshinogawa City, and Awa City. In addition, the number of farm households is declining to 228 houses in 2020, but the age group is thick in the 40s to 60s, and it seems that successors are growing to some extent. In terms of cultivation, Ayahomare carrot from Fujii Seed Co., Ltd. (Yodogawa Ward, Osaka) (wase species with excellent shape, root color, and yield. The root length is 16 to 19 cm, the shape is slightly shouldered, and the yield is good, that is, the yield. Good nature. Both root color and core color are bright deep red, and the boundary of the core is almost inconspicuous. Also, the skin is smooth and the packaging after washing is very beautiful. The above-ground part is upright and slightly vigorous. It is resistant to illness and seems to be lush until harvest. Also, it seems that the occurrence of blue neck is rarely seen because it is highly inhalable. Since the moss is about Koyo No. 2 carrot, avoid using it in unreasonable cropping. The main varieties (about 70%) are cultivated to make the best use of their sexuality and try to harvest at the right time.) In the early 2000s, a mechanized system from the installation of a greenhouse tunnel to sowing and harvesting was established, especially in 1990. It seems that the harvesters that became popular in the 1980s were effective in maintaining and expanding the area. Cultivation using the tunnel green house seems to be a major feature of this production area. It seems that they are pursuing the sweetness and softness of the product by making appropriate holes in the coated vinyl and thoroughly controlling the temperature inside the tunnel. The cost of the tunnel greenhouse is pipe (usable for 15 years), vinyl (renewed every year), and harvester (renewed once every 3 to 4 years for 5 to 6 hectare producers) per 10 ares, so it is cultivated in the open field. It seems that it is difficult to reduce the cost, although the amount is not stated compared to the competing production areas. Due to these circumstances, it is desirable to think that the production area has focused on advantageous sales for households, which emphasized high quality, rather than for commercial use, which requires low prices. There are few farmers who specialize in carrots, and the average yield is 5.2 to 5.3 tons, and it seems that more than 80% of the harvest in the jurisdiction is shipped through agricultural cooperatives. Spring carrots harvested in spring (March-May) beyond the cold winter seem to be grown in a large tunnel greenhouse. Spring carrots in Tokushima are characterized by being “soft and sweet” because they grow in a dry state in a tunnel greenhouse that is not exposed to rain, and are known all over the country and have many fans. In addition, the shipment volume of spring and summer carrots in Tokushima Prefecture is the highest in Japan, and the annual production volume seems to be the third highest in Japan after Hokkaido and Chiba Prefectures. The Itano District Aizono Carrot Subcommittee is Tokushima Prefecture’s original “Tokushima anan（安2）agricultural products” in order to build a face-to-face relationship with consumers and promote the creation of a brand that allows them to experience “safety,” “reassurance,” and “trust.” GAP: Under the new system, in addition to the existing “food safety”, an excellent agricultural production system that considers “environmental conservation” and “occupational safety” will be certified, and the “certification mark” will be displayed on the certified agricultural products. A system that informs consumers of where to obtain product information) ”certification system / Tokushima Prefecture Governor Certification No. 005 has been obtained. The main production areas of the JA are Matsuzaka, Sakae, Itani, Aien, Sumiyoshi, Matsushima, Takashi, and Oyama. Sowing is started in October, cultivated in a large tunnel, and shipped from early spring over the cold winter. Because it grows in a dry state without being exposed to rain due to the coating, it seems that the sweetness is condensed like a drained tomato. It features a bright orange color realized by the careful care of the producer, a moist and smooth fresh texture, a sweet scent and a refreshing flavor. On April 8, 2022, before the “JA Group Tokushima Merger Council” by 9JA in the prefecture such as Itano District (Kamiita Town) and Agri-Anan (Anan City) reached half a year since the inauguration of the council in October last year. In an interview with the Tokushima Shimbun, JA Itano-gun union leader revealed that the name of the new JA after the merger was changed to “Tokushima Agricultural Cooperative” and it was decided to set up the head office in the prefectural JA hall in Tokushima city. Seems to be.
There are about 160 species of this excellent agricultural product in the world, and it seems that it is distributed in temperate to tropical East Africa and the Pacific Islands (Hawaii, South America) in the Northern Hemisphere.
Annual or perennial, stems are usually branched, upright, crawling on the ground or climbing with tendrils, usually thin, seemingly wingless. The leaves are even pinnate compound leaves, with tendrils at the tip of the leaf axis, with bristles or microprojections, rarely odd pinnate compound leaves, with leaflets at the tip of the leaf axis (Vicia subvillosa). The leaves are all edges to dentate edges. The leaflets are 1 to 13 pairs and all edges are m. Inflorescences are racemes, bundles on the axiles, or solitary. Bracts are usually absent and fall off quickly. The calyx is ± bell-shaped, the teeth are equal or unequal in length, and often have hair. The teeth are not phyllodes, and at least two teeth are shorter than twice the length of the tube. The corolla comes in a variety of colors, blue, purple, red, yellow or white. The flag valve has a claw at the bottom, the top is enlarged, and the tip is slightly concave. The stamens are diadelphous. Staminal tube has a slanted tip. The filaments are filamentous, the ovules are pedunculated or sessile, and the ovules are 2-8. The style is cylindrical, with hair all around the upper part, and the lower part seems to be hairy or hairless. Legumes are usually flattened and dehiscenced along the sutures. 2-8 seeds, spherical, oblate or oval, often with long navel.
Rapid pre-cooling refers to cooling vegetables by special means and lowering the product temperature to a certain temperature. The cold chain is a mechanism for distributing products from the place of production to the place of consumption while keeping the temperature consistently low. It is novel that it is used to carry fresh foods, medicines, electronic parts, etc. that need to be kept refrigerated or frozen. When transporting fresh food, switching from normal temperature distribution to low temperature distribution seems to significantly extend the freshness retention period. In addition, if the freshness retention period is extended, there are various merits such as reduction of waste loss at the distribution stage, delivery to consumers with high freshness, and export to overseas, and it seems that efficiency is high. I think.
In order to transport this excellent crop in a fresh state, it is important to perform “pre-cooling” that rapidly cools it to the specified temperature after harvesting, and to put it in a low temperature environment as soon as possible. This pre-cooling weakens the respiration of the crop, so to speak, by putting it in a dormant state, it is possible to prevent deterioration and putrefaction and extend the quality retention period.
この記事へのコメント