【製品名（商品名）】
長崎温室マルチみかん（青島）
【種類】
Citrus unshiu ‘AOSHIMA’
【生産地】
長崎県
【名前の由来】
I heard that the word “oranges” was coined to mean “Kanji / Koji”, which is sweet like honey, because the varieties introduced from China during the Muromachi period were sweeter than the citrus fruits that had been used until then. 1603 to 1604 Nippo Dictionary; Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam com a declaração em Portugues: Published in Nagasaki by the Jezus Society (Oxford University Library, Portuguese Ebola Public Library, French National Library, Brazilian Rio de Janeiro National Library) As it is written as miccan in “(confirmed storage in)”, it seems that it was pronounced miccan in the old days. This dictionary has 25,967 words in the main story and 6,831 words in the addendum when calculated using headwords. Excluding duplicates, the total number seems to be 32,293 words. As expected, this amount cannot hide the surprise in a short period of time. Aoshima mandarin oranges were discovered around 1935 in the current mandarin orange field of Mr. Heiju AOSIMA, Fukudagaya, Aoi Ward, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka Prefecture, and it seems that he came to be called by his name.
【主な特徴】
In early February 2022, the set named “Hana me Sake” was released at home for those who are refraining from going out while sales of sake and flowers are declining due to the influence of the new Corona virus, which reduces the chances of ceremonial occasions. It seems that sake brewing companies in Isahaya City and fresh flower wholesalers in Nagasaki City have been selling cherry blossoms since last year so that they can enjoy cherry blossom viewing. The products are two types of sake in a package with the image of cherry blossoms, and Common names: Keio zakura, scientific name : Cerasus 'Keio-zakura' (Prunus X subhirtella cv. A person named Keitaro Yoshinaga made the Chinese Prunus pseudocerasus a parent-tree stock and created it as a branch of double weeping rosebud cherry. It grows vigorously, the branches grow well, and even if the branches are cut, it does not weaken and seems to be suitable for cutting. The shape of the flowers and the time of blooming are similar to Higanzakura). The acceptance of product sales began, and the sake brewing company in Isahaya City was busy packing bottled sake in boxes and shipping it to a flower wholesale company. Kinokawa Sake Brewing Company Co., Ltd. (Isahaya City, Nagasaki Prefecture) Hajinoo Town) representative Seto said, We have prepared two types of sake, a standard one and an original sake. Although the chances of drinking are decreasing due to the spread of infection at the beginning of the year, I hope you enjoy your time at home with wonderful cherry blossoms and sake. In addition, Matsuyama representative of Yuuen Co., Ltd., a flower wholesaler, said, Although overall demand remains declining, we will challenge seasonal commercialization and drink sake while watching flowers at home. If it leads to a new culture, he said. Limited 700 sets of products will be on sale and will be shipped from next week. On February 3rd, the “Spring Festival” was held in Goto City, a traditional event in which people who have reached the milestones of their lives, such as the baby's Opening Miyamiri, warding off evil spirits, and Beiju, jointly worship at the shrine. This spring festival seems to have been handed down from ancient times at Shirahama Shrine in the Sakiyama district of Goto city. People who have reached the milestones of their lives, such as the baby's opening miyamiri, Shichi-go-san, exorcism, 60th Birthday, and the 88th birthday, who turned 88, worship on February 2nd every year, and the future of life is safe. Pray for security. Every year, 50 to 100 people worship and go up to the hall of worship according to age and receive purification, but due to the influence of the new corona virus on the 2nd, infection control measures such as purifying at intervals of worshipers are taken. It seems that it was done. It seems that the worshipers dressed up in sunny clothes and crested hakama, put on masks, and took a commemorative photo after receiving a man's formal divided skirt. The history of Nagasaki mandarin is that in 1780 (Tenmei era), the lord of the Omura domain, 'Sumiyasu Omura-Ko', introduced the Satsuma domain's ”Nagashima mandarin” (Izumi District (former: Azuma Town) Nagashima-cho's Wenshu mandarin) to Ikiriki Village. It is said that it was first cultivated by Mr. Yuiemon Tanaka, Rinemon Tanaka, and Tsuguemon Nakamichi (Chudo) (currently Tarami Town, Izumi District). “Egami Buntan” was born in Sasebo City, “Hirado Buntan” was born in Hirado City, and Citrus unshiu cultivation started in Ikiriki (Isahaya City) and Nagayo (Nagayo Town). Citrus Unshiu has heard that the seeds brought back from China by the envoy to Tang China began to bear fruit and were found in Kagoshima. It is said that “Ikiriki-based Citrus unshiu” has been cultivated from the “Ikiriki region” and has been cultivated, and saplings have been shipped nationwide. In 1876, mandarin oranges were sold by hand in the castle town. In addition, from around 1887, the production area of mandarin oranges was expanded in “Ikiriki Village”, and even today, the area is the main production area in Nagasaki Prefecture. From 1961 “Fruit Tree Agriculture Promotion Special Measures Law Enforcement (Cabinet Order No. 145)”, the Nagasaki Prefecture Citrus Promotion Plan was formulated, and the citrus cultivation area is rapidly increasing throughout the prefecture. Demand for fruit trees in Japan is generally declining and stagnant, and there is a growing tendency for small quantities to be sold as other items and for good quality. Many fruits, including mandarin oranges, are in overproduction. There are increasing demands from other countries to expand imports of fruits and fruit products. In order to achieve sound development, it is necessary to deal with the overproduction trend of fruits. Induce production that responds to trends. Fostering independent fruit tree farmers who can be the core players in the production area. And it is necessary to further strengthen the constitution of fruit tree agriculture. The system for promoting fruit tree agriculture was strengthened（Partial amendment of Law No. 15, July 1, 1985）. To the prefectural governor, the then Vice-Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries（After retiring, he will assume the post of chairman of the Norinchukin Bank.）. In 1974, the cultivated area of Satsuma mandarin reached 14,900 ha, and the production volume exceeded 200,000 tons. However, after peaking around this time, the cultivated area and production volume continued to decline, and after the liberalization of imports of orange fruits and fruit juice, the cultivated area as of 2013 was 3,300 ha and the production volume was 60,900 tons nationwide. It is the fifth largest production volume. Greenhouse Mikan”, The skin is green and only the fruit inside is ripe. A gem that is juicy, has a good balance of sweetness and acidity, and you can enjoy a refreshing aroma. Low-warming cultivation is almost the same as warming cultivation, but it is a method of lowering the temperature setting than warming cultivation and accelerating the growth of mandarin oranges by about 1 to 2 months compared to open-field cultivation. It does not have a strong acidity like the open-air “Aokiri Mikan（Tendency to harvest a little earlier than the very early Mikan.）”, and is a must-see for those who like sweet and sour taste. It is said that the name “Wenzhou” of Wenzhou mandarin is derived from the Wenzhou region of China. Wenzhou is famous as a production center of mandarin oranges, and it is said that the name comes from the fact that it is as wonderful as mandarin oranges. In addition, Satsuma mandarin is said to have been born in Japan, and was born in the Edo period. It seems that the mandarin orange, which had seeds at that time, was mutated and became seedless, and was named Satsuma mandarin. “Aoshima mandarin” is said to be a mutated mandarin of a variety called “Owari Unshu”. Among the Citrus unshiu that were generally cultivated at that time, the sugar content was very high and the deep and unique taste became popular, and it seems that it spread and became established in Shizuoka prefecture. It seems that the discovery of “Aoshima mandarin” was a major factor in the fact that Shizuoka Prefecture, which currently has the third highest yield of Citrus unshiu in Japan, has become a production center for mandarin oranges. It is said that there is a monument praising Mr. Heiju's achievements in the horse chestnut garden in the corner of Sunpujokoen in Aoi Ward, Shizuoka City. I heard that a commemorative ceremony was held by the Shizuoka Citrus Committee on November 20, 2015 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the sale of Aoshima oranges. Even after Mr. Heiju died, the mandarin orange field has been inherited by his family. Currently, Mrs. Chiiko Aoshima cultivates mandarin oranges, and it is said that the second and third generations of Aoshima's raw wood remain. “Aoshima oranges” seem to be harvested from late November to mid-December. It seems that shipping will start around mid-December when it is stored and the taste is mellow, peak around January, and will be shipped to the market. According to the 2015 research results of the Institute of Fruit Tree Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, when Citrus unshiu is stored at 5 ° C, although it looks good, metabolic changes occur and ornithine, one of the amino acids, increases rapidly. It seems. On the other hand, at storage temperatures around 10 ° C, which are higher than that, metabolic changes are unlikely to occur, and changes in taste-related components such as amino acids seem to be small. “Aoshima Wenzhou Mandarin” : The content of sugars and organic acids in the pulp does not change much in 2 weeks at any storage temperature (5, 10, 20, 30 ° C), whereas in amino acids, it depends on the storage temperature. There seems to be a type that changes greatly. According to the Shizuoka Prefectural Citrus Experiment Station, Kanto Tokai Agricultural Division, Fruit Tree Specialized Breeding Research 1998, “Citrus trifoliata L. 'Monstrosa' (introduced to Japan in 1915 from the United States)” high-sugar citrus “Aoshima” using paraffin block base Summary of low-tree height breeding in “Wenshu Oranges” By using the trifoliate orange mutant “Flying dragon” as the rootstock of the high-sugar citrus “Aoshima Wenshu Mandarin”, the tree height is suppressed to 75% compared to the conventional rootstock of Karatachi; Trifoliate orange（Citrus trifoliata L.）. , It seems that the fruit quality will also improve. Background of popularization of classification and aiming Trifoliate orange is used for the rootstock of citrus fruits, but in recent years, it seems that the development of excellent rootstocks with excellent dwarfity is desired from the viewpoint of labor saving and light labor. Therefore, as the rootstock of “Aoshima Wenshu Mandarin”, which has a strong tree vigor, “Flying dragon”, which is a mutant strain of trifoliate orange, was used, and the tree growth, yield, and fruit quality were compared with the trifoliate orange at five locations in the prefecture. The height and canopy occupancy of the “Flying dragon” stand is smaller than that of the trifoliate orange stand, and this tendency seems to be clarified by the increase in age. It seems that the height and canopy occupied area of the “Flying dragon” stand were 75% and 49%, respectively, of the 12-year-old tree. Regarding the yield, the number of “Flying dragon” units per tree is less than that of trifoliate oranges, but the number of “Flying dragon” units per tree volume is large, and it seems that there was no difference in the area occupied by the canopy. The average fruit weight does not seem to be clearly different between the “Flying dragon” stand and the trifoliate orange stand. Regarding fruit quality, the progress of coloring tends to be faster in the “Flying dragon” stand than in the trifoliate orange stand, and the sugar content seems to be higher in the “Flying dragon” stand than in the trifoliate orange stand. From the above results, it seems that the “Flying dragon” stand has a dwarfing effect on “Aoshima Wenzhou” and the fruit quality is also improved. Since the growth of the “Flying dragon” stand is extremely suppressed when it is set in the first or second year after planting, it is recommended to promote the expansion of the canopy without setting the fruit during this period. In order to secure the yield, it seems that the number of plants planted on the “Flying dragon” stand will be double that on the Katarachi stand. In places where the cultivated soil is shallow and dry, the tree vigor becomes too weak and it seems unsuitable. It seems that it cannot be applied to weak tree varieties because the tree vigor becomes too weak. When growing “Flying dragon” rootstocks, 10-30% of the seedlings may have straight or extremely dwarfed stems due to mutations in the seedlings, so these cannot be used as “Flying dragon” rootstocks. In addition, according to the research results of the Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization in 2009, it seems that the Hiryudai “Aoshima Wenshu” can secure the same fruit quality as the sheet mulch cultivation of the trifoliate orange even without mulch. In addition, by keeping the volume moisture content of the soil low due to the late sheet mulch from late August to harvest, the proportion of sugar content of 12 or more will increase and the degree of floating skin will also decrease. Mulch refers to covering the root of the crop with a polyethylene sheet or the like. It seems that mulch cultivation is also carried out in citrus cultivation centering on Satsuma mandarin. There are various effects of mulching such as raising the soil temperature and preventing weeds, but it seems that mulching is mainly cultivated for the purpose of increasing the sugar content in citrus fruits. When water stress (soil drying) is applied in the summer and autumn when the fruits are enlarged, the sugar content of the fruits rises. It seems that it has become like that. Mulching will definitely increase the sugar content. In addition, fruit selection by non-destructive optical sensors has progressed, and it seems that oranges with quality below a certain standard are being repelled. As a result, more delicious oranges with high sugar content are on the market. If the sugar content is high, the taste will be rich even if there is a lot of acid, but if the sugar content is not so high, consumers will get the impression that it is a sour orange. When water stress is applied to the fruit during the growing season, the sugar content increases but the acid decrease slows down, and the fruit tends to become a fruit with high acidity. According to recent research results, fruits and vegetables such as mandarin oranges do not become highly acidic fruits, so the timing of water stress is important. In 1597, Nagasaki was the first onion to land in Japan by a Portuguese ship. The production of early-maturing onions is thriving, and it has a good reputation for its freshness and good taste. I hear that potato was introduced from Jakarta to nagasaki by a Dutch ship in 1598. It boasts the second largest production volume after Hokkaido, and Minamishimabara City is one of the leading production areas in the prefecture. Cultivation started in earnest in the Meiji era, and now it is cultivated based on two crops, spring and autumn, taking advantage of the warm climate. Asparagus officinalis was introduced to Nagasaki as ornamental from the Netherlands during the Edo period. There are spring and summer seasons, and spring asparagus grows slowly over time, so it has a strong sweetness and is rich in minerals and especially vitamin C. Summer asparagus has a beautiful light green color because it grows at a stretch due to the blessings of the daytime sun, and it is soft to the vicinity of the root. I hear that the bright red tomatoes were introduced to Nagasaki from the Netherlands at the end of the 17th century”. City jurisdiction, Kuidetsu, Takematsuhonmachi, Ozato Town, Matsubarahonmachi. City designated historic site : Ozato Communication Mr. Doi Suzuta's Tomb, Conflict with 'SUMIYASU Omura' : Master-Slave Relationship. Citrus varieties born in Nagasaki Prefecture: “Wase Haraguchi Mandarin” was discovered in 1969 (Showa 44) by Mr. Seiji Haraguchi of Nishisonogi Town, Nishisonogi District, Nagasaki Prefecture (currently Saikai City) as a sport of “Wase Miyagawa” in his own garden. NS. (Close to Haraguchi Mikan: Coral reef: Limestone: Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) calcite and aragonite) It is said that it was formed by uplifting from the seabed about 30 million years ago. “Tsugama Limestone Cave” : (Designated as a national natural memorial in 1936.) The group has completely different characteristics from other limestone cave due to its material and new generation age, and the world But it is rare. (Our ancestors: Mandarin was born about 3 million years ago. There are historical theories about primates, 70 million years BC, and human beings 5 million years ago. Mysterious romance.) “Wase Miyagawa Mandarin” is believed to have occurred around 1909 as a branch of the traditional (ordinary) Citrus unshiu planted in the residence of Mr. Kenkichi Miyagawa in Yanagikawa City, Fukuoka Prefecture. From 1923 Dr. Chozaburo Tanaka (1885 - 1976) (A Monograph of the Satsuma Orange) Taipei Imperial University, 1932 (Showa 7)) (“Citrus Research, Vol. 16” 1927 Yokendo (published in 1933) after a detailed investigation, and since it was named, it has been expanded. It is a nationally well-known representative variety of early-maturing Citrus unshiu and ordinary Citrus unshiu. The tree vigor is strong, it tends to be fertile and easy to grow. It has a rich taste and is considered to be the most suitable as a new species for institutionalization. The characteristics of “Haraguchi” mandarin, which is a representative of early-maturing varieties in Nagasaki Prefecture, are large, soft and sweet. Products that form the basis of various researches, such as soil improvement methods using red soil and special sand using the technique of covering with white sheets, and homemade fertilizers devised by our own theory (cultivation manager: Mr. Haraguchi). From the (love for people) Philanthropic spirit (Philanthropy) by Yuen. The “Wase Haraguchi” mandarin orange is a log that only about 30 exist in the Haraguchi Orchard (Saikai City). It is said that only “Son Mikan” is a seedling that is divided into stocks. “Wase Iwasaki Mandarin”, 1968, Mr. Denichi Iwasaki of Nakaura Nango (currently Saikai City), Saikai Town, Nishisonogi District, Nagasaki Prefecture, was discovered as a sport of “Wase Okitsu” in the field. It is an early-maturing variety. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Seedling Law has not yet been confirmed. In the field of Mr. Tsugio Ozaki of “Sasebo Unshu Citrus”, Sasebo City, Nagasaki Prefecture, a branch change was confirmed from a 15-year-old tree of “Wase Miyagawa Mandarin”, and it was discovered in 1975. In 1993, at the Nagasaki Fruit Tree Experiment Station, virus-free: Once infected, plants cannot be excluded from immunity and cannot escape the virus for the rest of their lives.) Was carried out, and in 1998 (Heisei 10), the sale of seedlings to the mikan production area in Nagasaki Prefecture became popular. The harvest season is expected from late November to early December, and it is a mesophyll system that is about 10 days later than “Wase Miyagawa Mandarin”. “Shiranuhi Orange: Sumo Mandarin”, You have to give a lot of nutrition, and you need to irrigate and fertilize well when the flowers bloom and become young. Born in 1972 in Minamishimabara (Kuchinotsu), Nagasaki. It is famous as a fruit born by crossing “Kiyomi Orange（Citrus unshiu × Sinensis）” and “Ponkan Orange（Nakano No. 3: Citrus reticulata var poonensis (Hayata) H.H. Hu）”. After ripening well on the tree, store for half a month to a month. It seems that the sourness will be removed and the sweetness will increase. Cultivation of Citrus Unshiu, which uses less water to increase sugar content, requires a slightly different cultivation method. The process by which green plants turn carbon dioxide and water into food using energy obtained from light from the sun; The process plants use to take the energy from sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into food- Photosynthesis. “Amakusa（Kumamoto Prefecture）” Crossing combination, old strain name (Kiyomi Orange × Wase Okitsu Mandarin) -No. 14 × page. The old strain name is Citrus Kuchinotsu No. 16 and the crossing year is 1982. The registration number and registration date of Tangor Norin No. 5 as a certified variety (former: named registered variety) is 1993 (July 1, 1993). The variety registration date is 1995 (August 17, 1995), and the variety registration number is No. 4596. “Setoka Orange”, It is famous as a tangor that was bred by crossing “Murcott Orange” with kiyomi Orange with Angkor No. 2 of the breeding system. A small-nucleus variety with large fruits, soft and juicy, aroma, high sugar content and good taste. Middle-aged Citrus L. matures from January to February. The fruit surface is smooth, the fruit shape is oblate with a high waist, and the skin is orange to dark orange. Thin, easy to peel, with a medium aroma similar to Angkor or Murcott. The flesh is dark orange, the sac is thin, the flesh is soft and juicy, and the number of seeds tends to be small, about 0-5. And it seems that parthenocarpy（Ovary wall and flower bed enlarge and form fruit without fertilization）is strong. The fruiting is good and it is easy to get results every year. Strong tendency to streptomyces spp., Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri. It is Susceptibility against citrus tristeza virus (ctv), and the incidence of stem pitting（Easily propagated by Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy, and also propagated by cotton aphids at a low rate）is high. Since one ball is heavy, it is necessary to manually support it so that the branches do not break due to its own weight as it grows. Application No. 10852 Date of application 1998/04/09 Date of publication of application 1999/03/18. Registration number 9398 Registration date 2001/10/18. Plant Variety Protection and Seed Act, Act No. 83 of May 29, 1998: 25 years of breeder's rights; National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, NARO. Unique sweetness, chewy texture, and wonderful fragrance. I have introduced several types, but I will trace the history in the near past. In the Meiji era, citrus cultivation became popular with Ikiriki, and it seems that there is a record that it started exporting Satsuma mandarin to Vladivostok. In 1900, he started a citrus cultivation test at the Nagasaki Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station and started to support the production area. The Fruit Tree Research Division (Isahaya City) of the Nagasaki Prefectural Agriculture and Forestry Technology Development Center has been developing and nurturing the first new variety of “Satsuma mandarin” in the prefecture after about 15 years and research results from 2000. The long-awaited “Nagasaki Kaken Sasebo No. 1 Mandarin” has been trained. Based on the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Variety Registration and Seedling Law, application for registration was made in 2013, and Nagasaki City, Nagasaki Prefecture was registered in 2015. Greenhouse oranges April-September-Goku Wase September-November-Nakate from late November to mid-December-Normal / Okute December-March Mandarin oranges with leaves December (Ripe mandarin oranges because they are harvested late). It is good to store at a temperature of 3 to 7 degrees and a humidity of about 85%. Also, open the cardboard box, reduce the fruit to less than half, and leave it in a well-ventilated place. Wase / Nakate seeds are prone to putrefaction, so it seems better to eat them early. Also, if you store it with the hand-held part on the cardboard box facing down, it tends to last longer. City designated memorial : Matsubarahonmachi-Shaso at Matsubara Hachiman Shrine Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl, The 15th Emperor Ojin; 品陀和気命, 大物主神 - Mt. Miwa in Sakurai City, Nara Prefecture ; （Koshinto）, There are some shrines even today, such as Omiwa-jinja Shrine, which enshrines Mt. Miwa in Nara Prefecture, that regard mountains themselves as the kami's Shintai or Yorishiro (an object capable of attracting kami). Assuming from the high possibility of large kofun (tumulus) being a tomb of leader (great king) of the time by the chronological order of kofun and others, the following kofun tumulus show there was a sovereignty in this region (present day Sakurai City and Tenri City): Yamato-kofun Tumulus Clusters and Yanagimoto Otsuka Tumulus built at the foot of the Mt. Miwa, in the southeast of Nara basin in the early Kofun period (from about the middle of the third century to the early fourth century), and large scattered kofun with the hill length of 300 meters to 200 meters such as Shibutani Mukoyama-kofun Tumulus (identified as a mausoleum of Emperor Keiko), Hashihaka-kofun Tumulus (surmised by some researchers to be a grave of Himiko: There is a theory that Unabi Hime no Mikoto, the sixth-generation Hikohoakari mentioned in A Family Tree of the Amabe Family（A shrine house of ‘Kono Shrine’ located in Miyazu City, Kyoto Prefecture. ‘籠名神社祝部氏係図’ with 籠名神宮祝部丹波国造海部直等氏之本記 : Designated as an important cultural property in June 1975 and a national treasure in June 1976.）, was Himiko.), Andonyama-kofun Tumulus (identified as a mausoleum of Emperor Sujin), Mesuriyama-kofun Tumulus, and Nishitonotsuka-kofun Tumulus (identified as the grave of Tashiraka no Himemiko）.
Wenzhou mandarin oranges are blessed with favorable conditions such as soil and climate, and are cultivated throughout the city. Recently, in order to provide safe, reliable, high-sugar, and high-quality mandarin oranges, mulch cultivation (cultivation method in which the surface of field soil is covered with straw or artificial film. The purpose of mulching is to control the soil temperature control of temperature rise, promotion of temperature rise and heat retention during low temperature period), suppression of weeds, retention of soil moisture, prevention of soil disease by suppressing splashing of muddy water during heavy rain, prevention of soil erosion and fertilizer runoff due to rain, mulching There seems to be an increasing number of producers who use the light reflected from the leaves to promote fruit coloring and control aphids. It seems that Nagasaki's warm climate and topography are perfect for growing delicious mandarin oranges, with the sea nearby. The mandarin oranges of Nagasaki, which are made with plenty of sunlight, have a certain taste and depth.
From NARO, mulch seems to have both ends of organic mulch such as straw, rice husk, and grass, and artificial film mulch such as polyethylene film. There are various types of polyethylene film mulch, such as colorless transparent type, black type, transparent type colored in green or purple, white type, black and white type on the front and back, aluminum vapor deposition film, aluminum mixed type (silver mulch). The colorless and transparent type has the greatest effect of raising the soil temperature, but it seems that the effect of suppressing weeds is low. The black type blocks almost all the sunlight, so it seems that the effect of raising the soil temperature is low, but the effect of suppressing weeds is high.
Plants breathe like people. They are genuine creatures. However, unlike humans, gas exchange is the inhalation or excretion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in respiration and photosynthesis. In leaves, dark respiration is performed in dark places, and dark and light respiration are performed in bright places for gas exchange. For plants, respiration is essential for using nutrients to produce the energy necessary for metabolism to live. Of course, if you don't breathe, you will die and eventually wither away. In addition, the body must have the nutrients necessary for breathing. It seems that the respiration of mandarin oranges is measured in the same way as the photosynthesis measurement, using an assimilation box and measuring the concentration difference between the inflow and outflow of carbon dioxide with an infrared carbon dioxide analyzer. Saplings are covered with an assimilation box to determine respiration, but mature trees are so large that they cannot be measured by covering the entire tree. Seems to be asking.
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